Last modified: 2004-07-31 by ivan sache
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Provence is considered today as made of the departments of Var, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse, Alpes-Maritimes, and the southern part of the department of Drôme (Drôme provençale). This broad definition encompasses the County of Nice (east of Alpes-Maritimes) and the Comtat Venaissin (most of Vaucluse), which are, historically, not parts of Provence.
Provence is limited by the Italian border (east), the traditional province of Dauphiné (north, the limit being more or less the limit between the Southern and the Northern Alps), the river Rhôone (west) and the Mediterranean Sea (south).
Ivan Sache, 6 December 2003
Early ages
Before the Roman conquest, Provence was inhabited by several tribes such as the Deceates, the Ligaunians, the Oxibians, the Sueltres, the Salyans, the Desuviates and the Vulgientes. In the VIIth century BP, Greek emigrants from Phocia (Asia Minor) founded Massilia (now Marseilles) in the area then inhabited by the Segobriges, where they brought olive-tree and vines. Several daughter colonies were founded by the Phoceans, who developed industry and agriculture all over Provence.
The Roman conquest
Around 170 BP, the Phoceans called their Roman allies for help against the Ligurian tribes. The Roman legions crossed the Alps and conquered the territory inhabited by the Ligurians, up to the river Var. In 124BP, the Romans crossed the Var and conquered a vast area they called Provincia, the short form of Provincia Romana. Under Emperor August, Provence was part of the Provincia Narbonensis, which included also Languedoc, Vivarais, Dauphiné and Savoy. Around 368, Provence was detached from the Provincia Narbonensis to make the Secunda Provincia Narbonensis.
The dark ages
The Burgunds invaded Provence from the north in 406. In 474, they settled in the west of Provence, up to the left bank of the river Durance. In 474, the Wisigoths, who had been expelled from Spain, seized Arles and invaded the part of Provence not already occupied by the Burgunds. Later, Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, incorporated Provence into his Italian kingdom.
In 536, Vitiges, Theodoric's successor, ceded Provence to the Frank kings, Clovis' descendants. Clotaire I bequeathed it to his son Gontran, king of Burgundy and Orléans. In 843, Provence was allocated to Lothaire by the treaty of Verdun. In 855, Charles, Lothaire's son, founded the kingdom of Provence, which was reincorporated to France by Charles le Chauve (the Bald). Charles appointed his brother-in-law Boson governor of Provence. In 879, an assembly of archbishops, bishops and feudal lords proclaimed Boson king of Provence in the small city of Mantaille.
Boson was succeded in 887 by his son Louis l'Aveugle (the Blind), solemnely elected by a bishops' assembly in 890. The real power was exerted by Hugues, a relative of Louis, who succeded him in 923. Hugues was crowned king of Lombardy in 929 and ceded Provence to Rudolf II, king of Transjurane Burgundy and Germany. Rudolf appointed elected counts to govern Provence. Those counts became hereditary, as it happened in other parts of France, and set up a feodal state, placed under the direct, although remote and theoretical, protection of the German emperor in 1032, and therefore completely independent of France until 1481.
Boson's house (948-1102)
Boson (948-971) pacified Provence with the help of the Genoese and expelled the Sarracens from their last fortress, Fraxinet (now La Garde-Freinet).
Guillaume I le Grand (the Great; 971-992), Boson's elder son, definitively expelled the Sarracens in 980 and married Adelaïde Blanche, daughter of Geoffroy, count of Anjou.
Guillaume II (992-1020) succeded his father Guillaume I. He was succeded by his son Guillaume III (1020-1054). Geoffroy (1054-1063) succeded his brother Guillaume II, who had survived his three sons. He was succeded by his son Bertrand (1063-1090), During Bertrand's reign, the council of Clermont (1095) called for the first Crusade, to which several Provencal lords took place. Bertrand had no children and was succeded by Gilbert (1090-1102), son of count Otto of Lorraine and Blanche, Guillaume III's daughter. Gilbert had no sons but two daughters, one of them, Douce, being married to Raymond-Béranger, count of Barcelona.
The house of Barcelona (1102-1245)
Raymond-Béranger I (1102-1131) became short before his death Knight of the Temple Order, which had been founded in Jerusalem in 1118 by the Provencal knights Hughes de Bagarris and Geoffroy Adhémar. He was succeded by his son Raymond-Béranger II (1131-1145), who defeated the powerful lords of Les Baux with the help of his brother Raymond-Béranger, count of Bercelona and king of Aragon. The beginning of the reign of Raymond-Béranger III (1145-1166), still minor when his father died, was marked by the revolt of the count of Les Baux and Boniface de Castellane, who were once again defeated by the king of Aragon. Raymond-Béranger III married Richilde, daughter of Ladislas, king of Poland. When the city of Nice rose up, the count came from Aragon to besiege the city, and was killed by a crossbow bolt.
Raymond-Béranger III's cousin, Alphonse I (1166-1196, a.k.a. Ildefonse or Idelfonse), king of Aragon, inherited Provence. He seized Nice and definitively got rid of the lords of Les Baux. He married Sancha of Castilie. His son Pedro succeded him as king of Aragon and his other son Alphonse as count of Provence. Alphonse II (1196-1209) married Garsende, daughter of the last count of Forcalquier, whose states had been independent of Provence since one century. Alphonse was captured by his father-in-law and delivered by his brother, Pedro of Aragon. When the count of Forcalquier died, his domain was reincorporated to Provence.
Alphonse was succeded by his son Raymond-Béranger IV
(1209-1245), who organized his state and subjugated the cities of
Marseilles, Arles, Avignon and Nice,
which had been granted a republican status by the German emperor. The
cities, e.g. Aix-en-Provence,
which had supported him were allowed to bear the arms of Aragon.
Raymond-Béranger IV had four daughters, including Marguerite,
who married king of France St. Louis (Louis IX), Eléonore, who
married king Henry III of England, and Béatrix, who married
king of Naples Charles d'Anjou.
During that period, Provence had very close relationships with
Languedoc, being in the same cultural
Occitan area. This golden age stopped
after the invasion of Languedoc during the
Albigensian Crusade and the
incorporation of the county of Toulouse to France, which established
the border between France and the German empire on the river
Rhône.
The first house of Anjou (1245-1382)
Charles I of Anjou (1245-1285), king of Naples, Sicily and Jerusalem, was the son of king of France Louis VIII and Blanche de Castilie. He became count of Provence by marrying Béatrix. Pedro III, king of Aragon, seized the kingdom of Sicily and set the Sicilians against the French, who were slaughtered in 1282 during the 'Sicilian Vespers", on Easter Day.
Charles II (1285-1309) succeded his father and had to leave three of his sons as hostages to the king of Aragon, and later became reconciled with him. Charles II was involved in the destruction of the Order of the Temple. The great western schism took place during his reign and pope Clement V settled in Avignon in 1308. Charles II was succeded by Robert (1309-1343), father of 'queen' Jeanne.
The reign of Jeanne (1343-1382) was long and difficult. She married four times but had only one son, who died early. She adopted as her heir Louis of Anjou, son of king of France Jean. In lack of money, she sold in 1338 the city of Avignon to pope Clement VI for only 8,000 guilders. Charles of Durazzo, Charles II's grandson, challenged her and captured her in 1382. Her beheading in Naples was the beginning of the Provencal civil war.
The second house of Anjou (1382-1481)
Louis I (1382-1384) came to Provence and defeated Charles of Durazzo. His son Louis II (1384-1417) started his reign under the regency of his mother Marie de Blois. Later, he destroyed the Durazzo party, confirmed the municipal rights of Aix, sponsored the university and created a sovereign court presided by a juge-mage.
Louis III (1417-1434) expelled the Aragonese from the kingdom of Naples. During Louis' Italian campaign, king of Aragon Alphonse seized and trashed Marseilles. When about to die, Louis appointed his brother René as his successor.
René d'Anjou (1434-1480, a.k.a. le Bon Roi René) ceded his rights on Lorraine to Charles de Vaudémont, and attempted to subjugate the rebels in Sicily and Naples, to no avail. He spent the rest of his reign surrounded by a brilliant court and protected the arts and agriculture. Since none of his sons survived him, Rene bequeathed his states to his nephew Charles III.
Charles III (1480-1481) was the 23rd and last count of Provence. Since the king of Aragon and other princes became a threat to Provence, Charles decided, probably advised long before by René, to cede the county of Provence to his cousin, king of France Louis XI.