Last modified: 2005-03-19 by rob raeside
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Edward the Confessor is described as having arms consisting of a cross surrounded by five martlets. I don't know the exact colours, nor whether the arms were used as a standard. [As England, in the days it had Saint Edward as its patron, used a white cross on a blue field, this does suggest these were the colours of his arms.] (Evans 1970)
Peter Hans van der Muijzenberg, 23 April 2002
Edward the Confessor's standard was shield-shaped, light blue with a gold cross
and birds. The cross is equal-armed and thin, with fleur-de-lis edged arms (not sure of technical terms for any of
this - maybe a fleury cross?). The doves are between the arms and one below (looking left, five in all).
Source: Norman Davies "The Isles."
Nathan Lamm, 30 June 2002
That's an interesting statement, that Edward the Confessor's arms were in the colours of blue and
white/silver. It might or might not be, but for the record, when later English kings displayed
their arms (notably Richard II, who occasionally impaled Edward's arms with the quartered French fleurs de lys and the English lions, as shown on
this page, they had a gold cross and martlets on a blue field. In fact it's not at all known whether Edward or any of the Saxon kings actually did bear arms. The arms attributed to Edward come from a coin minted during his reign, which shows four martlets between the arms of a cross. The fifth martlet was added because when the charges were placed on a shield, the base looked a bit empty - this was when shields were still quite long and pointy, as they were in Norman times. The word martlet is used in English translation of similar birds (footless) that appear in French, Dutch and German arms, and the equivalents in those languages are frequently used for the English bird.
The French term merlette actually indicates a footless duckling, not a martin or swallow, as in the case of the English bird. Merlettes (in the duckling form) appear frequently in Dutch heraldry. And in German heraldry yet another bird is used, also without legs, based on the lark, and is called a gestümmelte
Amsel. For further details, see François
Velde's page.
Mike Oettle, 29 June 2002
The first English monarch whose standard was depicted may well be King Harold II, whose Dragon 'flag' is pictured on the Tapestry of Bayeux, as is the gonfalon of William I. (Evans 1970)
An interpretation of the image of the gonfalon and discussion is shown on our Battle of Hastings page. (2:7).
Whether any of these used a Royal Standard is unknown.
Peter Hans van der Muijzenberg, 23 April 2002
From William I up to (but not including) Richard I, Two lions, passant gardant.
Davies in "The Isles" explains that Duke Rollo of Normandy (ancestor of William) had
a lion on his banner, and two lions had been on Normandy's banner (still are) by the early 1000's. Still used by Plantagenets as Henry
II claimed throne through his Norman mother. Second lion therefore cannot stand for England, but I have seen that they stood for Normandy
and Main; however, heraldry apparently wasn't that standardized by then to allow for this.
Richard I adds a lion, as that was the symbol of Aquitane (still is) and he was Duke (pre-king). Again, not sure if heraldry allowed for
this then. In any event, three lions.
Source: Norman Davies "The Isles."
Nathan Lamm, 30 June 2002
Richard Lionheart likely used a shield with gold lions (although the number of lions could be in dispute). On crusade, a crusader in his armny might have used a crescent as Islam at the time had no such easily recognisable symbol, using instead battle flags in plain red, plain white or plain black.
Mike Oettle, 2 October 2002
![[Royal banner of England]](../images/g/gb-en-rb.gif)
by Vincent Morley
Starting with Richard I, all of the monarchs of England and after them the monarchs of The United Kingdom, have used a banner of their arms as their royal standard. In the case of Richard I his arms (and those of his predecessor Henry II) were Gules three lions passant guardant or. The lions reportedly represent England, Normandy, and Aquitaine. (1:1)
#1,2,7 Evans (1970), Neubecker (1932), www.fleurdelis.com/royal.htm
The royal banner of Edward I is the earliest Royal banner of England for which a contemporary blazon is known (Symposium Conservation of Flags).
In 1340 Edward III of England changed his arms to reflect his claim to the French throne, quartering the French Royal arms with the English, and to demonstrate he valued France above England, he placed the French arms in the first quarter [and was nevertheless not disposed as King of England]: quartered azure seme' de fleur-de-lys and gules three lions passant guardant or langued gules (ratio 5:6) - Evans (1970)
Richard II impaled these arms with those of Edward the confessor - Evans (1970)
![[English royal standard of 1399]](../images/g/gb-1399.gif)
by Sam Lockton
The English Royal Standard of
1399 was used at least to the reign of Richard III.
Sam Lockton, 9 September 2002
![[personal banner of Richard III]](../images/g/gb-riii.gif)
by Sam Lockton
Click here to view a manufactured
banner with more detail on it.
Charles Ashburner, 24 March 2004
![[Tudor standard]](../images/g/gb_tr.gif) |
![[Tudor standard]](../images/g/gb_trir.gif)
by Martin Grieve |
| obverse | reverse (as illustrated) |
Based on the larger Royal Standard at Buckland Abbey, Plymouth.
David Prothero, 24 May 2004
Between 1405 and 1603 the Royal Arms of England were Quarterly, France Modern
and England; three fleur-de-lis in the 1st and 4th quarters, and three lions
passant guardant in the 2nd and 3rd quarters. The arrangement of the quarters
should be the same on the obverse of the Royal Standard and a mirror image on
the reverse. However contemporary illustrations of Tudor Royal Standards
invariably(?) show the quarters on the reverse side of the standard in the same
relative positions as on the obverse side. This occurs, twice on a 1545 plan of
Calais (the frontispiece of Perrin's book 'British Flags'), 43 times in the 1546
Anthony Roll, and three times on the Northumberland manuscript of the 1596
expedition to Cadiz. There is rarely enough detail to see which way the lions
are facing except on one of the standards from the plan of Calais, in which they
are facing away from the hoist.
The only surviving Royal Standards of the time are at Buckland Abbey near
Plymouth. As displayed only the obverse is visible, but the House Steward has
confirmed that the reverse sides are a mirror image of the obverse.
The mages above are based on a photograph of one of these two standards. It is 7' square
(2070 x 2070mm); the other is 7' high x 2'10" wide (2070 x 864mm). Both have a
green and white fringe. The quarters are separate pieces of patterned silk
damask sewn together. The fleur-de-lis and lions are painted in gold leaf with
black outline and details. The lions have blue claws and nostrils, and red
tongues.
David Prothero, 3 June 2004
![[Tudor standard]](../images/g/gb_trs.gif)
by Martin Grieve |
![[Tudor standard detail]](../images/g/gb'trs.gif)
detail of lion by Martin GrieveThe unusual proportions of the lion are due to the shortness of the standard. David Prothero, 22 June 2002 |
by Martin Grieve
The earliest reference to this flag is in an inventory of Drake family property dated
1778/9.
Two royal standards and six other colours are listed as,
'Old Sir Francis Drake's Sash and Cap. His silk Colours in Number eight'.
It is not considered to be a replica, and can thus, at the very latest, be dated
1603,
when the Union of the English and Scottish Crowns resulted in a new design of
royal
standard.
Unlike the seven feet square (2070 x 2070mm) royal standard, which is made with
silk
damask, this seven feet by two feet ten inches (2070 x 864mm) royal standard is
made with
plain silk. A strip of canvas along the hoist edge has eleven eyelets for lacing
the flag
to a staff. This suggests that it had naval connections and may have been used
in April
1581, when Queen Elizabeth I knighted Francis Drake on board the Golden Hind at
Deptford.
Alternatively it may have been used by Drake on a small ships such as a pinnaces,
in the
course of his voyages of 1585-86, or 1595.
Details from "The Battle's Sound" by Cynthia Gaskell Brown.
David Prothero, 19 June 2004
See also our pages:
As in 1365 Charles V had reduced the number of fleur-de-lys in the French Arms to 3, Henry IV changed his arms likewise, to indicate the claim was still current. Though the English kings became Kings of Ireland in 1541, this was not represented in their Arms, even though Henry VIII did devise arms for Ireland: Azure a harp or stringed argent. (ratio 5:7)
Evans (1970), www.fleurdelis.com/royal.htm
Neubecker (1932) pictured an English royal banner around 1450 with around the free sides a red and green border. (ratio 1:1?). He also has a picture of the standard of the Duke of Lancaster, later King Henry IV, similar to that of Henry VII:
![[standard of Henry VII]](../images/g/gb-hvii.gif)
by Dave Martucci
Its design is similar to this image, if with somewhat longer "slips", and it has a cross of St. George at the hoist. The fly is white over blue, with close to the St. George cross a large red rose on the dividing line, and flyward of that a white swan with outstretched wing (and a crown around its neck), the white holds a row of smaller red roses (except that after the first in the row, some space is taken up by the upper part of the swan, the blue holds a row of alternating I-don't-know-what-s and tree-stumps. The free side(s) have a blue and white border. The text explains the red rose and the blue-white as being for Lancaster, and the St. George cross and the Swan for Henry's wife, of the house of the counts/earls Bohun. (ratio 1:3?)
The similarity is no coincidence since "early standards were usually divided along their length into two tinctures and were charged with various devices and mottoes." (Symposium Conservation of Flags)
When Mary I married Philip II of Spain she impaled her arms with those of her husband, quartered gules a castle or (Castille), and argent a lion rampant gules (Leon) - Evans (1970)
Peter Hans van der Muijzenberg, 23 April 2002
Curiously, of the equal parts of the United Kingdom, it's much easier to find information on the Southern part, than on the Northern part. The following summarizes information from elsewhere on FOTW:
Assuming the son of Malcolm IV, William the Lion, was the first to use the Lion rampant as the Royal arms, then Malcolm must still have been using the previous standard, the Dragon standard.
William the Lion is generally credited with adopting the Lion rampant arms. The lion is apparently referred to as the "Lion of Bravery" or "Lion of Justice", without further explanation of these titles. [Around the same time, in England, the latter was used as nickname for one of the Kings, I believe.] Explanations for the arms themselves exist; apparently all focusing on the lion, where the unusual aspect of the arms is the amount of detail introduced by the double tressure flory-counter-flory.
Alexander II is the first Scottish king known to use the Lion rampant arms, as a seal, in 1222. We do mention that the lion rampant often occurs in the arms of the Scottish nobility, but not whether this includes the specific tressure, nor whether this can be through relations with the crown.
The Arms of Scotland: or, a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure surrounded by a double tressure flory-counter-flory gules. Whether this was used as a Royal standard at the time is not clear.
Peter Hans van der Muijzenberg, 23 April 2002
I would not bother too much about minor details of design and colour. The standards are really banners of arms, and arms need only to conform to a written description. In 1937 the, then new, Queen's Standard was criticised because a few details were thought by some to be wrong. Garter King of Arms wrote that, "there are no standard colours an
