Zimbabwe

Republic of Zimbabwe

Last modified: 2005-07-16 by bruce berry
Keywords: zimbabwe | rhodesia | stone bird |
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• Meaning of colours and symbols
• Zimbabwe Flag Act
• Construction details
• Zimbabwe Bird emblem
• Flag with letters
• Coat of Arms

• Zimbabwe: national index

Meaning of colours and symbols on the flag

A leaflet from the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunications, Causeway, Zimbabwe (Printed by the Government Printer, Harare) in July 1983 gives the following explanation for the colours and symbols of the Zimbabwean flag:

Page 1 shows the flag (with irregular star!) and page 2 provides a graphical explanation of the various elements of the flag:
black stripe - for the black majority.
red stripe - blood spilled during the armed struggle.
yellow stripe - the country's mineral wealth.
green stripe - the vegetation and agriculture.
white triangle - peace.
red star - the nation's aspirations.
yellow bird - the national emblem.
Željko Heimer, 2 May 2004

Zimbabwe Flag Act

Presidential Order No. 16 of 1980 subsequently enacted as the Flag of Zimbabwe Act  (Act 22/1985) is as follows:

An Act to provide for the design of the Flag of Zimbabwe and for matters connected with or incidental to the foregoing. [Date of commencement: 18th April, 1980.]

1 Short title
This Act may be cited as the Flag of Zimbabwe Act [Chapter 10:10].

2 Interpretation
In this Act -
"Flag" means the Flag of Zimbabwe referred to in section three;
"Minister" means the Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs or any other Minister to whom the President may, from time to time, assign the administration of the Act.

3 Design of Flag of Zimbabwe 
The Flag of Zimbabwe shall be as depicted and described in the Schedule.

4 Deposit of Flag in National Archives
The Minister shall cause a copy of the Flag to be prepared and deposited in the National Archives established in terms of the National Archives of Zimbabwe Act [Chapter 25:06].

5 Regulations
(1) The President may make such regulations as he considers necessary or convenient for the purpose of protecting the Flag from any use or application which, in his opinion, is improper.
(2) Regulations made in terms of subsection (1) may provide regulation, control, restriction or prohibition of -
(a) the importation, manufacture, sale, loan, use, possession, wearing or display of the Flag or any reproduction or likeness thereof;
(b) the application to, or use on, any matter or thing whatsoever of the Flag or any reproduction or likeness thereof.
(3) Regulations made in terms of subsection (1) may provide penalties for any contravention thereof, including the forfeiture of any matter or thing in respect of which or in connection with which the contravention occurred:
Providing that no such penalty, excluding such forfeiture, shall exceed a fine of two thousand dollars or imprisonment for a period of two years or both such fine and such imprisonment.

6 Protection of the Flag
Any person who burns, mutilates or otherwise insults the Flag or a flag which resembles or is intended to resemble the Flag or any reproduction thereof, in circumstances which are calculated or likely to show disrespect, shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years.

SCHEDULE (Section 3)
FLAG OF ZIMBABWE
[[picture of the flag]]

Description of the Flag:
Vert, on a fess gules, fimbriated by two bars to form a bar sable, issuant from dexter a pile argent fimbriated sable charged with a Molet of five points gules debruised by a representation of the Great Zimbabwe Bird.

The Zimbabwe National Flag is thus a seven striped flag of equal horizontal stripes of green-yellow-red-
black-red-yellow-green with a black fimbriated white triangle at hoist containing a red five-pointed star and the yellow Great Zimbabwe bird in proportions or 1:2.  
Željko Heimer, 30 Nov 2003

Construction details

  by Željko Heimer, 30 Nov 2003

Attached to the Act I have received from Christopher Southworth is a coloured drawing of the flag (larger then the one in the actual Schedule), with construction lines dawn into it, but with no figures. I believe that this is not a part of the official document, but somebody's (possibly William Crampton's?) study of the flag. Anyway, from this Chris got the construction details which I have interpreted as follows: 

Seven equal horizontal stripes 18 units each in 1:2 flag, i.e. 126 x 252 units.
The white triangle is isosceles with base at hoist and height of 84 units. It is fimbriated outside this toward fly with black stripe with a width of 3 units. This fimbriation merges with the central black stripe. The Great Zimbabwe Bird emblem is 40 units long and 46 units high. The distance from hoist to the emblem is 16 units, from top 36 units (and then from bottom is 44 units). The star is constructed with a center in a point 34 units from hoist on the horizontal median. 

The star is constructed with the help of four imaginary concentric circles (with center in the point described above) with radii of 32, 27.5, 16 and 13 units. If one numbers the points (including the "inner points") with number 1 though 10, where 1 is the topmost point and proceeding clockwise (well, the orientation is of no matter there since the star is vertically symmetrical) then the points are on the radii as follows 1:32, 2:16, 3:32, 4:13, 5:27.5, 6:13, 7:27.5, 8:13, 9:32, 10:16, each being 36 degrees from the other. While there is the black fimbriation on the bird, there is no black lines outlining the red star.

The most important thing to note here is that the red star is not a regular one, but has rays of various length, as shall be seen from the construction sheet.
Željko Heimer, 30 Nov 2003

  by Željko Heimer, 30 Nov 2003

The copy of the Zimbabwe Flag Act sent to Željko was taken from the Flag Institute files, but the colour picture was obtained later. I'm afraid that the scribbles on it are mine and not William Crampton's, so any errors drawn from them are down to me.
Christopher Southworth, 30 Nov 2003

sent by Jaume Olle, 30 Nov 2003

The photo of the flag in the picture with President Mugabe shows the star and Bird with different specifications to that in the construction sheet (outlined above).
Jaume Olle, 30 Nov 2003

Checking the Shipmate flag chart made under the auspices of the Flag Research Centre, it seems to me that it also has the irregular star. On the other hand, Graham Bartram's site shows the regular star. 
Željko Heimer, 01 Dec 2003

This leads us into the de facto versus de jure nature of flags, flag design and specifications. This question over the official star design could probably be answered best by a flag manufacturer in Harare. I do know that at least two, if not three, major US manufacturers use flags with the star design shown in Jaume's photo.
Paige Herring, 02 Dec 2003

I don't think that it can be any secret that I'm firmly on the side of de jure when it comes to specifying flags, but that aside, I'm afraid that I must disagree quite strongly with Paige over the above suggestion.

No disrespect to flag manufacturers whatsoever, but it seems to me that they quite often rely on the committed and experienced vexillologist to provide them with information (which is as it should be), rather than the other way around? On the other hand, I would suggest that one question which could quite properly be asked of the flag manufacturers in Harare is - 'do you have any official information which post-dates that in our possession', but I would also suggest that this is a question which is far better directed to the Government department concerned?

Again with no disrespect intended to either flag manufacturers (or indeed to Paige), but I would think that the majority of equally reputable British flag manufacturers also show the flag of Zimbabwe with an even star (I am
only certain of one), but this still makes it incorrect according to the only official information we have.
Christopher Southworth, 03 Dec 2003

I have a Zimbabwe flag made in the 1980s by William Smith & Gourock, a Harare flag maker which supplied flags to the government. The star on that flag is the more standard shape (as used on US flags), not the broad star shown in Željko's schematic.
Devereaux Cannon,  03 Dec 2003

 Zimbabwe Bird emblem

  by Martin Grieve, 03 June 2005

Following the recent discussion on how the Great Zimbabwe Bird should be displayed on the flags of Zimbabwe and on that of it's immediate predecessor, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, I now submit an enlarged detail of this emblem as it is *actually* portrayed on flags made in Zimbabwe. It must be noted here however, that the style shown here is contradictory to the version shown on the official specifications. The origins of the graphical style illustrated here and used on the flags made in Zimbabwe can be traced back to the Coat of Arms of Rhodesia, which were set upon the white stripe of the vertical tricolour of green-white-green, the Bird being in-chief.

It is too easy to duplicate errors in flag graphics (as we learn time and time again on FotW), and my own personal feeling on this matter is that when the official
specs were drawn up, the bird was incorrectly depicted and therefore the mistake has repeated by several vexillologists through the years. Flag manufacturers seldom look into the accurate detailing that the flag-fanatic notices and are quite happy to "go-along" with what the *official* specification sheets at their disposal show. Thus flags made outside of Zimbabwe, and shown in a great many flag books, shown the version of the Bird as found on the specification sheet.

Legend amongst Zimbabwe's black population has it that there were originally seven Soapstone Birds at the Great Zimbabwe Ruins, all of which had mysteriously been taken out of the country.  Only four have since been returned. It is said that peace will never return to Zimbabwe until all seven of these artifacts have been returned to their rightful place.
Martin Grieve, 03 June 2005

The Great Zimbabwe Bird is the national emblem of Zimbabwe.  It is found on the country's coat of arms, banknotes and coins.  It  is used by the national sports teams and is part of numerous badges and logos of various institutions and organisations. As Martin points out, the design of the Bird is not always exactly the same as seen from the flag specifications, the version on the currency and on the coat of arms etc.  An example of a variation in the design is that used as the fin flash for the Air Force of Zimbabwe as shown below.

  by Željko Heimer, 01 Dec 2003

The origin of the emblem are a number of soapstone carvings found at the Great Zimbabwe Ruins.  The  ruins are an Iron Age site 27km south-east of the town of Masvingo in the centre of the country and is the remains of a town built between 1200 and 1450 AD. The word 'zimbabwe' is derived from the Shona words dzimba dza mabwe and means "house of stone". Archaeologists and historians believe that from the 13th to 15th centuries Great Zimbabwe was the capital of a large area in southern Africa.  Throughout the area there are a number of smaller but similar ruins.
Bruce Berry, 04 June 2005

Flag with letters

I must confess to never having seen a Zimbabwean national flag with writing on it. Seems it was a once off for that particular ceremony.
Bruce Berry, 21 Aug 2002

Coat of Arms

The green shield represents the fertility of our soil while the blue and white wavy lines symbolise the water which brings prosperity. The representation of Great Zimbabwe stands for the historical heritage of the nation. The rifle and hoe represent the transition from war to peace. The wreath is formed of twisted strips of gold and green silk, and represents the mining and agricultural enterprise which protects our national economy. This supports the crest in which the star is an ancient symbol of hope for the future, tinctured red to remind us of the suffering of all our peoples and the need to avoid any recurrence of that suffering. The star bears the Great Zimbabwe Bird which has become our distinctive national emblem. The kudu in their natural colours display a harmonious blend of black, white and brown which may be taken to symbolise the unity of purpose of the various ethnic groups which comprise the people of this country. The earthen mound bears the plants which give food and clothing to the people and the motto reminds us of our need to maintain a desire for national unity and the will to work, in order to preserve the freedom which we enjoy.
Dov Gutterman, 26 Mar 1999

There was no new Coat of Arms adopted during the Zimbabwe Rhodesia period (June 1979 to Dec 1979) or during interim period between Dec 1979 and Apr 1980 when the country returned to its former status as a British Colony. The Rhodesian Coat of Arms (found in the centre of the Rhodesian flag) continued to be used until 12 September 1981 when the new Zimbabwe Arms were adopted. The heraldic description of the blazon is as follows:
Arms: Vert, a representation of a portion of the Great Zimbabwe proper, on a chief argent seven pallets wavy Azure. behind the shield are placed in saltire an agricultural hoe, blade pointed Dexter and an AK 47 automatic rifle in bend sinister, foresight uppermost, all proper.
Crest: On a wreath Or and Vert a mullet Gules debruised by a representation of the Great Zimbabwe Bird Or.
Supporters: On either side a kudu proper upon an earthen mound adorned with stalks of wheat, a cotton boll and a head of maize, all proper.
Motto: Unity, Freedom, Work
Bruce Berry, 29 Mar 1999